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Learning from chapters and sentences to the study of logic
——Taking Zhu Xi’s “Big Chapters and Sentences” and “Speaking in the Banquet” as an example
Author: Wang Qi Zhu Han’s Source: Author Authorization Confucian Network Published
Original from “Nanping Nationality Study Report”, Issue 5, 2018
Time: Confucius’ 257th week, your mother also said, are you all the managers? “Jiu Shinnian, the sixth day of the eighth month of Jihai, Jiachen
“Big Chapters and Sentences” is the study of book students, so it adopts traditional chapters and sentences, and guides the learners through chapters and sentences, and then develops meanings, with simple thinking, and elegant language standards; “Bai Banquet Lecture” is the study of emperors, so it adopts new lectures. Although it is also discussed, it particularly emphasizes the development of meanings and sympathizes the king’s heart with clear views and literal language. The rise of the learning of emperors in the Song Dynasty, the transformation of Chinese classical esoteric form from a side surface from the learning of chapters and sentences to the learning of logic is the main reason for the transformation of learning from Han to Song.
Keywords: Zhu Xi, big chapters, sermons, sermons, sermons, sermons, sermons
With the establishment of the Song Dynasty’s sermon system, sermons became the main platform for Confucianism to move into politics. How to apply the authority of classical essays, influence the emperor with Confucianism, become the emperor’s career, and gradually become a serious topic in the social and political career. [1](P.147) As a result, the learning of emperors should be born and became a new trend in the development of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. [2] The Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty settled in the differences between the study of the book student and the study of the emperor to define the characteristics of the imperial school. ① As Gong Zun wrote: “The study of a king is to observe the lords who have been sage since ancient times, such as those who are dedicated to the lords, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu, in order to seek the key to governing the country in the country, which is not just like doctoral students who govern the chapters and sentences and interpret the chapters and sentences.” [3](P.74) Yao Mian said: “I have heard that the study of emperors is different from those of students and scholars. The study of chapters and sentences is the study of students and scholars; cultivating the governance of simplicity is the study of emperors.” ②Comparison between the two, the study of the book student is characterized by “chapter and sentence training”, while the study of the emperor focuses on “cultivating and governing peace” the real science and technology genius, integrity president x fake can be sluggish, and the ultimate handsome male singer’s worldly career.
At the same time, the Song Dynasty also began the transformation from “only knowing the chapters and sentences” to “retrieving the meaning of the sage to understand the virtues of life.” [4](P.3640) So, can there be a certain connection between the rise of the imperial learning and the transformation of the academic form? “Big Chapters and Sentences” created by Zhu Xi, a great scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, and “Baishou Lectures” are the most popular subjects.Bookmen and emperors just studied this relationship for us to provide comparable information. Although they are all pointing out the topics of “Big School”, there are differences in terms of speculation goals, speculation examples, speculation methods, linguistic expressions, etc., and Su hides from the main information of the transformation of learning from “Han” to “Song School”.
1. Review goals: The choice of “morality” and “governance”
The “Big Chapters and Sentences” and “Shifangs” have different teaching targets, and the review goals they present are different. Regarding the topic of “Big Xue”, the explanation of “Big Xue Chapters” says: “Big Xue, the old pronunciation is Tai, and I read it like a word now. Zi Chengzi said: “Learning is the masterpiece of Kong’s family, and the door to gaining virtue at first.” Now, we can see that the predecessors followed the order of learning, and the “Sutra” and “Meng”. Those who learn must learn from this, so that they will not be bad. [5](P.4)
In “Big School”, Zhu Xi made a statement from the perspective of guiding students to establish “virtue”, and emphasized that “Big School” is “Kong’s Book” and “the door to the beginning of learning to advance virtue”. Anyone who wants to achieve success in learning and establish virtue must advance from “Big School” and grasp it in the order of learning. The target of his teaching is “students”. The purpose of his comment is to guide readers across the country to “learn” to establish “virtue”, to become sages and to be upright, and to have the meaning of “nationalization of common people and to cultivate the way for students to govern others” [5](P.3), to cultivate talents with both moral integrity and talent in the management of the country and stability of society.
The “Speech of the Banquet” was written for Zhu Xi to study for the Song Dynasty Ningzong. He explained the theme of “Speech” as:
The big scholars are the learning of the big people. In ancient times, those who teach were taught by boys and big men. When a boy learns, he should be in the process of retreating, such as poetry, books, gifts, joy, shu, shamans, books, and numerology. The learning of the people is to cultivate oneself, cultivate one’s family, govern the country, and pacify the whole country. The notes in this article are all learned by people, so they are named after their studies. [6](P.691)
The “big people” here are not only “big people” of age that is comparable to “gentlemen”, but also emperors who rank in the supreme position of the country. The goal of his lecture was to let the emperor grasp the way of self-cultivation and self-governance of the country and achieve the virtues of King Shun Shun. The focus of it is not only the relationship between “learning” and “morality”, but also the use of “Tao” and “governance”. Therefore, in order to stimulate the impulse of the emperor’s learning of “Big Learning”, Zhu Xi clinged to the topic, and started a new paragraph with the phrase “members and verbalism”, using the theory of heaven and humanity, he developed a theoretical statement on the relationship between “study” and individual self-cultivation and governance, hoping that there would be something to do with governance. He has developed the nature of being kind, kind and wisdom, and has determined that everyone can be a capable person; at the same time, he also uses human beingsNone of them can prevent the prejudice of the quality and the disadvantages of material desires, which leads to the natural confusion and social order damage, and demonstrates the need of “study” to rejuvenate. In addition, through the summary of historical experience and teaching, he pointed out that the reason why later generations “governance is less and more frequent” is because “this is not explained by learning”, highlighting the relationship between “learning” and “governance”, and found that those who “want to cultivate themselves and govern others but reach the whole country” cannot “give up the right thing and seek others.” Therefore, Zhu Xi used “this article” and “only the wise and wise care to pay attention to it”, [6](P.691-692) to achieve “the effect of the precepts” [7](P.12760) to support the Internet car and horse tax, and to achieve sages, virtues and governance.
“Big Chapters and Sentences” is written for the book. The purpose of the review is to guide the learners to “learn” to establish “virtue”. The “Bai Yan Shuyi” was developed for the emperor. The purpose of the review is to use the Confucian way to cultivate the emperor’s mind and nature and govern the country, and to achieve the “governance” of Shun. The difference between the two shows the impact of the two different learning problems between book students and emperors on classical interpretations.
2. Example of the commentary: From “chapter and sentence” to “speaking”
The people of the Song Dynasty believed that the learning of emperors had their own special points, and they must break through the constraints of traditional chapter and sentence training: “The study of the ruler is different from that of a student. When he becomes a bartender, he must invent the truth and open his mind. Then you can feel ashamed of what you have learned. How can you say it
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